Milli Re 2025 Annual Report

Risk Management Practices Credit Risk This risk expresses the probability of loss arising from the full or partial default of the counterparties (security issuers, insurance/reinsurance companies, other debtors) with which the Company has a business relationship. Credit risk is measured by both quantitative and qualitative methods. The key criteria in the selection of reinsurers, participating in the retrocession contracts arranged for covering Company’s liabilities arising from business acceptances in various lines of business, is the credit ratings of reinsurers. On the other hand, the payment performances and financial conditions of counterparties are also taken into account. In order to assess the concentration risk arising from the transfer of the risk to one or several specific reinsurers, premiums ceded to reinsurers are taken as a base and reinsurers’ conditions such as being licensed in Türkiye, being in the same group with the Company and meeting the criteria set by the relevant authority regarding credit risk rating are taken into consideration. Premium transfers that exceed the limits stated by Insurance and Private Pension Regulation and Supervision Authority are considered as concentration and are included in the capital adequacy calculation by being multiplied by risk factors defined by the aforementioned authority. Moreover, bad debt balances resulting from the Company’s core operations and the distribution of the investment portfolio on the basis of counterparties are followed up in periods corresponding to balance sheet periods. Additionally, the ratings of bond issuers of private bonds that are in the portfolio, are monitored quarterly in accordance with the principles defined in Company’s Investment Policy. Asset-Liability Management Risk This risk expresses the potential loss that may arise from the inefficient and inaccurate management of Company assets without considering the characteristics of the Company’s liabilities and optimizing the risk- return balance. This risk, which is measured by quantitative methods, includes all other financial risks of the Company with the exception of underwriting and credit risk. The components of the risk are described below: a) Market Risk This risk expresses the probability of loss because of the interest rate risk, rate of exchange risk and equity position risk occurring in the financial position of the Company due to the interest, rate of exchange, equity, commodity and option price changes arising from the volatilities in financial markets. When determining market risk exposure of the Company, Value at Risk (VaR) method is used, which measures the maximum loss that may occur at a definite confidence level in value of investment portfolio held for a definite time period, due to volatilities in risk factors. VaR is calculated by using the “Historical Simulation Method” where different scenarios are created by taking into consideration the historical data. Calculations are based on 250 working days, 99% confidence level and 1 day holding period. In addition to the daily calculated VaR, following tests are applied: • Backtesting • Stress Tests • Scenario Analysis These tests are used to support the VaR method in calculating the loss in portfolio value due to unexpected and extraordinary circumstances and intend to test the accuracy of the measurement results and monitor the sensitivity of the portfolio to changes in the basic risk factors by creating different scenarios. Market risk limits are set out in “Application Principles in Respect of Risk Limits”, while limits and application principles in respect of investment portfolio are set out in “Derivatives Policy”, “Macro Asset Investment Policy”, “Investment Policy” and “Alternative Investment Plan” of the relevant year. Mentioned limits are checked regularly. 96 MİLLİ RE 2025 Annual Report